Progressivism, The And, And The Stock Market Crash

In America’s pastime, there were many conflicts that continued to help shape America. Citizens were becoming more aware and concerned about how America was managed, as conflict was becoming a regular misfortune for the country. Events such as progressivism, the roaring twenties, and the stock market crash may have seemed like a negative time in the United States at face value, but the overall impacts and effects helped establish innovations that still positively influence the lives of citizens today. Progressivism can be loosely defined as a way to progress towards better conditions, which is what many people aspired to do for their country during the Gilded Age. This ideal came about when people began to see poverty become more popular throughout the country, and many blamed the government. Americans believed the solution was to have the government fixed before it could fix other problems. Muckrakers were the first people to articulate progressive ideas by uncovering corrupti on, targeting government and social problems, and raising awareness through journalism and literature. Herbert Spencer was one man who tested the idea of natural selection through his book, On the Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection. Spencer strongly reinforced individualism by applying the theory of evolution and natural selection to human society. He believed society became better because only the fittest survived and those who didn’t gradually died. Some industrial leaders began to useShow MoreRelatedShikhar Giri. Professor Sinclair. History-1302. 07 January,1580 Words   |  7 Pagesfocused on what understudies of history imply as the Alleviation, Recuperation, and Change: help for the unemployed and poor, recovery of the economy to common levels, and change of the budgetary structure to keep a repeat depression, preserved the free-market economy. There was no nationalization of industry, and the social safety net created by Social Security paled by European standards. President Roosevelt himself used to explored the appraisal of the New Arrangement before it was done. As clearingRead MoreThe Great Depression Of The Roaring Twenties1001 Words   |  5 Pagestheir backs on Progressivism. Republicans were beginning to return to their previous dominance. The 1920’s was an economic boom for America, including everything from an increase in jobs, a rise in plentiful goods, new consumer products, and the reduction of taxes. The country was filled with jazz music, dance, and what appeared to be a brighter future. The 1929 crash of stock market was the beginning of a downward spiral leading in to the Great Depression. The stock market crash is often to beRead MoreThe Gilded Age : A Powerhouse Rose From The Ashes Of The Civil War871 Words   |  4 Pagesdishonesty and self-indulgence. Around this time, the affluent upper class was created due to the explosion of the population and economy. The stock market crash of 1893 which caused a severe depression across the land, caused this era to only last for a short few years, 1877-1893. With the Gold Rush, victory of Western enlargement, and the unbelievable abundant stock of possessions like timber in the West, Gilded Era took off with railroads leading the way. The upper class was swiftly covered in cash,Read MoreWar I And World War II1264 Words   |  6 Pages At any rate, both had leading ideas that made a positive impact on the United States’ economic system. From the 1890’s to the 1920’s, in response to the Panic of 1893 and the Panic of 1907, was the Progressive Era, an era characterized by progressivism, or the movement for social reform. The progressives sought to take down corrupt officials and monopolies in the hope of bringing about a more direct democracy, giving more power to the people. This is the era in which suffrage was a popular movementRead MoreCultural Confrontations of the 1920’s: KKK, Scopes Trial Essay1388 Words   |  6 PagesCultural Confrontations of the 1920’s The 1920s were a time of change for the United States. Following the First World War there was a rush of new cultural, social, and artistic dynamism, partly fuelled by the Progressivism movement that was cut short when American entered the Great War. This decade was defined by a change from more rural farm life to industrialism in big cities. The shift from the frugality and traditional family values or previous generations to the happy-go-lucky consumerismRead MoreAnalysis Of F. Scott Fitzgerald2297 Words   |  10 Pagespattern was repeated over and over again during the 1920s. After the first World War concluded in 1919, new inventions and reformations were being made, which gave society newfound optimism. However, due to bad investments made by stockholders, the stock market crashed in 1929, sending America spiraling into a crippling depression for the next decade (â€Å"A Changing Society† 96). F. Scott Fitzgerald was the most notable author of the decade, and he was largely self-created. He spent the majority of his lifeRead MoreChanges in America Between 1920 and 1960 Essay1404 Words   |  6 PagesDuring the years between 1920 and 1960, America saw change in many aspects of life. The United States was a part of two major wars and a crash of the banking system that crippled the economy greater than ever seen in this country’s history. Also the country had new insecurities to tackle such as immigration and poor treatment of workers. These events led to the change of America lives socially, economically, and politically. The people of America changed their ideas of what the country’s placeRead MoreThe Great Depression And World War II2840 Words   |  12 PagesAdjustment Administration) to support farm prices, the CCC (Civilian Conservation Corps) to employ young men, and the NRA (National Recovery Administration), which regulated wages and prices . Other agencies insured bank deposits, regulated the stock market, subsidized m ortgages, and provided relief to the unemployed. The â€Å"New Deal† was a series of economic measures formulated and enacted in the United States between 1933 and 1936. They included both laws passed by Congress as well as presidentialRead MorePre-Columbian Period9302 Words   |  38 Pagescommunities in previously undeveloped areas. Abusive industrial practices led to the often violent rise of the labor movement in the United States.[66] Influential figures of the period included John D. Rockefeller and Andrew Carnegie. [edit] Progressivism, imperialism, and World War I (1890 1918) Main article: Progressive Era Mulberry Street, along which Manhattans Little Italy is centered. Lower East Side, circa 1900.After the Gilded Age came the Progressive Era, whose followers called forRead MoreThe American Political Tradition and the Men Who Made It Essay7033 Words   |  29 Pagescan be dangerous. While some people believed that â€Å"Business is the very soul of the American†, the bank excluded Americans from competition in the sale of privilege and the government received less than it was worth. Foreigners owned  ¼ if the bank’s stock which many saw as a menace to the country’s liberty and independence. Another part of being a follower in the Jacksonian Democracy was being opposed to privilege and inflation, and holding the same social philosophy of â€Å"every man is equally entitled

The Need For Risk / Needs Assessment - 1731 Words

The need for risk/ needs assessment is to help predict the productive validity rate of juvenile offenders. There are many different instruments used to help classify delinquent youths and their likelihood of reoffending. Risk / needs assessment were primarily designed to the male population. Many researchers have examined gendered differences and feel as if there should be a â€Å"different need† approach that should be in place for women (Stephane M. Shepherd, 2012). Further researchers have found that females commit crime just as harsh and harmful as male juvenile offenders. By examining research conducted further research was able to be conducted to determine if the risk/ needs assessment instruments used to predict productive validity are as effective for female juvenile offenders. Gender risk/needs assessment as it relates to productive validity instruments are used to determine reoffending among juveniles. The purpose of this study is to examine if the productive validity of risk/ needs assessment as it refers to female juveniles. Researchers have found that female offenders commit crimes similar or if not just as males, both genders reoffend for various reasons. Therefore, the risk/ needs assessment conducted on males are just as effective for females due to the similarity in crimes. Purpose of Study A. The purpose of the proposed study is to examine productive validity of risk/ needs assessment as it refers to female juveniles. B. The study that is theShow MoreRelatedA Holistic Assessment Of Needs Against Predicting The Uncertainties Of Future Risks2838 Words   |  12 PagesTrying to balance a holistic assessment of needs against predicting the uncertainties of future risks is difficult due to the complexities of people’s lives; any assessment needs to be undertaken with some aspect of research and a knowledge base to make sense of the information gathered. Knowledge used by social workers (SWs) has to be relevant and transferrable between the complex range of situations and circumstances where social work is undertaken. Social work has grown from the foundationsRead MoreArticle And Supporting Literature : The Clinical Assessment And Clinical Judgment1271 Words   |  6 Pagesof the risk assessments and how that fits into the actual assessment. The particular article I chose depicts presents three different possibilities for risk assessments: structural clinical judgment, actuarial assessment and clinical judgment (Murray, J Thomson, M 2010). In the past clinicians relied on their personal experiences and other events that led them to be the experts they are, and now, most individuals will use their personal experiences and the standardized risk assessments to actuallyRead More Risk Assessments Within The Criminal Justice System Essay1292 Words   |  6 PagesRisk assessments are an essential component to the criminal justice system because without them jails and prisons could not perform their duties and would not be as efficient. Risk in principle is a fact, yet danger is an issue of perception , how much will society tolerate. People tolerate a lot of risks without noticing the dangers. Risk assessments let us know what is not easily noticed though they still have some blind spots where studies need to be done. The ways that community correction agenciesRead MoreRisk Assessment Methodologies And Risk Management Strategies888 Words   |  4 PagesRisk Assessment Methodologies Risk assessment is a key component to Risk Management strategies. If this assessment is ignored or not done correctly, vulnerabilities can be overlooked or not addressed at all leaving systems exposed. By picking an appropriate Risk Assessment Methodology, a business is able to define how the organization defines and reacts to risk making the process functional and repeatable. This report will briefly explain the process of assessing and managing risk, look at variousRead MoreThe Emergence Of Risk Based Approaches1686 Words   |  7 PagesCh. 3.1 Emergence of Risk-Based Approaches Risk assessment is increasingly conducted by many groups within an organization to fulfil a variety of business and regulatory requirements. Various groups within the same organization often rely on guidance from different professional organizations to provide a framework for conducting the risk assessment. As financial organizations offer disparate approaches to risk assessment, they contribute to risk information. In this context, information systemsRead MoreEssay on Understanding the Principles of Assessment1706 Words   |  7 PagesPrinciples and Practices of Assessment 1.1 Function of assessment in learning and development Assessment enables the assessor to measure and record learner achievement. It also enables one to identify individual learner needs through formative assessments as you are working with the learner throughout, identifying what the next step should be. Formative assessments are a continuous process used to provide feedback to the learner. It could also be through summative assessments whereby the assessorRead MoreThe Regulations Place Duties On All Those Who Can Help The Health And Safety Of A Construction Project915 Words   |  4 Pageslegal duties need only be in proportion to the nature, size and level of health and safety risks involved in the project. Therefore for small projects with minimal health and safety risks, you will only be required to take simple, straightforward steps and few, if any, specialist skills will be needed. WB Safety Ltd are highly experienced in supporting many contractors with their CDM responsibilities throughout the UK and can provide CDM Co-ordinator Services at competitive prices. Need more informationRead MoreIT Risk Management Framework Essay1001 Words   |  5 PagesAssess and Manage IT risks 4.3.1 PO9.1 IT risk management framework IT risk management framework is a necessary framework for every successful enterprise. So the City Medical Partners also need their own IT risk management framework. IT risk management framework can avoid the future risks and it also can gain the benefits. And the IT risk management framework need to fit with the risk management objectives of the enterprise - City Medical Partners. The example for risk classifications: StrategicRead MoreRisk Assessment Tools1220 Words   |  5 PagesRisk Assessment Tools All of the tools perform the same basic function; however, they perform them differently (Schreider, 2003). Each product is a questionnaire based on the type of organization, asset value, etc. More sophisticated products also allow importation or links to data from penetration tests, intelligence reports, and other risk-gathering formats. They also perform calculations for risk probability and rank each risk by level of importance. The comprehensive design calculates lossRead MoreSystem Analysis and Recommendation Report of Natividad Medical Center859 Words   |  3 PagesSystems (HCIS) network and its hospital-grade systems infrastructure and technology components. The system analysis report details the findings of the system analysis in the part of system vulnerability/risk assessment as a critical component of the security plan. Why the system vulnerability/risk assessment was carried out as part of system analysis The security plan for Natividad Medical Centers Hospital Computer Information System (HCIS) network and its hospital-grade systems infrastructure and technology

Describe and Evaluate Two Theories of the Formation of Romantic Relationships free essay sample

In 1962 Kerckoff and Davis presented another form of relationship formation theory known as the filter model. They believed that we have three filters that are important at different times before we can enter a relationship. We start with a field of availables, those who are free for relationships and gradually narrow them down using different stages to a field of desirables, and those who we would consider as potential partners. The first filter is the social and demographic variables where we tend to pick people with similar educational and economic background to us. The second filter is the similarity of attitudes and values, where people with different values, attitudes and interests to us are filtered out. The third stage is the complementarity of emotional needs where we decide how well between the two people they fit together as a couple. Kerckoff and Davis (1962) then tested their model in a longitudinal study using student couples that had been together for more or less than 18 months. We will write a custom essay sample on Describe and Evaluate Two Theories of the Formation of Romantic Relationships or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page They completed several questionnaires over 7 months which reported on attitude similarity and personality traits with their partner. They found that attitude similarity was the most important factor up to about 18 months into a relationship, after this time psychological compatibility and the ability to meet each other’s needs became important, supporting the idea of the filter model.The filter model is a useful way to think about factors that are influential in relationship development and when they might come into play. It also emphasises the importance of demographic factors and similarity of attitudes and values as filters in development of relationships, evidence shows this continues in relationship survival. However the division of relationships into stages fails to capture their fluid and dynamic nature. Real life relationships flow seamlessly. Some may develop faster and others slower than the filter model suggests.

Wigands Biography

Dr. Jeffrey S. Wigand is known as a good and fair scientist, who cares about people, promotes healthy style of life, does not afraid to argue about harm of smoking, being a part of a tobacco industry, and this is why he is respected in different spheres of life in the United States of America.Advertising We will write a custom report sample on Wigand’s Biography specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More He was born on December 17, 1942 in New York City. He spent some time of his childhood in Bronx, however, came back to Pleasant Valley, New York very soon. Jeffrey Wigand was in the military, and even participated in actions in Vietnam. His education is connected to the State University of New York at Buffalo: he got his Master and PhD there. He was fond of Japanese, Biology, Chemistry, and other Sciences. His service at Brown Williamson Tobacco Corporation is succeeded by work at Johnson Johnson and Pfizer. However, in March, 1993 , Mr. Wigand assisted FDA in order to investigate the role of nicotine in people’s lives and its impact on human health. In 1995, Jeffrey Wigand achieved unbelievable success and people’s recognition – he introduced his ideas how unfair tobacco industry can be and how people make smokers become addicted. His interview at the program 60 Minutes opened terrible secrets concerning the health risks, which were caused by cigarettes. All his actions against tobacco companies cause absolutely different emotions: some people were amazed to hear such a terrible truth; some people started hating this person, because he made an attempt to destroy their business; and some people just skip this information and continue smoking. Dr. Wigand admitted that â€Å"Brown Williamson executives were most certainly aware that smoking caused disease† (Janofsky, para. 11). Such words and many other proofs served as a strong reason to start lawsuits and blame Mr. Wigand for discl osure of corporate secrets. In 1999, the movie The Insider appeared on the screens: Russell Crowe portrayed Jeffrey Wigand just perfectly. With the help of this movie, it became clear that â€Å"trying to shut up him [Dr. Wigand] is futile, and only liable to make him talk more about tobacco companies† (Perez-Pena, para. 1). This movie presents valid information about the scientist and help people to evaluate his actions from one more perspective.Advertising Looking for report on biography? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Nowadays, Jeffrey Wigand is proud of received people’s recognition and aims at developing his organization in order to reduce tobacco use among teens that is called SMOKE-FREE KIDS, Inc. Wigand’s Actions â€Å"We were just ordinary people placed in some extraordinary situations and did the right thing†¦as all should do† (Wigand, 2009). These words help to create more or less c lear picture about this person. He is not afraid to admit that he is an ordinary man; he also underlines that this life provides him with a chance to be placed in a situation and try to change this world. To my mind, his action cannot be prohibited or required, but still, they can be permissible. It is impossible to prohibit a person to talk and save people’s lives. However, when a person has some business affairs with a serious company, it is necessary to divide personal interests and points of view and the ideas of professional ethics. Those people, who do not want to smoke, cannot start smoking just because of Brown Williamson’s distribution. Smoking people get one more chance to evaluate the situation and decide whether smoking is worthy of health, money, and even time. In case of Jeffrey Wigand, his actions and words have enough reasons and sense, and it is better to take them into consideration in order to make this life better and healthier. Works Cited Janofsk y, Michael. â€Å"For a Trial Lacking in Drama, a Stat Witness, of Sorts.† The New York Times. 1 Feb. 2005. 16 Sept. 2009. https://www.nytimes.com/2005/02/01/politics/for-a-trial-lacking-in-drama-a-star-witness-of-sorts.html Jeffrey Wigand. 2009. 16 Sept. 2009 http://www.jeffreywigand.com/index.php Perez-Pena, Richard. â€Å"The Insider’ Is Left out of Youth Meeting.† The New York Times. 7 Jun. 2000. 16 Sept. 2009. https://www.nytimes.com/2000/06/07/nyregion/the-insider-is-left-out-of-youth-meeting.htmlAdvertising We will write a custom report sample on Wigand’s Biography specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More This report on Wigand’s Biography was written and submitted by user Moses Jarvis to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

How to Get Over Post College Depression

How to Get Over Post College Depression After graduation from college or high school, many students feel energized and positive. However, there are also students who face severe depressions, emotional breakdowns, and addictions. If you feel that something is wrong with you, and you are confused and lonely, then this article is for you. Our tips will help you recognize the dangerous symptoms of post-graduation depression and pull yourself through this tough period of your life. A disclaimer: the best option would be to turn to a doctor for professional treatment. What Are Post Grad Depression and Its Symptoms? You have been waiting for this moment for a long time. Graduation, diploma, bachelor degree, freedom of choice and self-expression. But after caps thrown in the air, you suddenly realized that you dont know what to do in your life and all of your plans for the future that were so bright and clear yesterday just make no sense today. This is what depression is. A stunning feeling of loneliness and emptiness mixed with confusion and lack of energy to even leave your bed in the morning. A lot of people face crises and depressions during their lives. Psychologists claim that there are common ages when an individual is more subject to various mental disorders, for example, the â€Å"half-life crisis† or â€Å"quarter-life crisis.† The main thing about these conditions is that many people of a certain age have similar problems with sleep, self-esteem, emotional control and finances. By the way, if you are having any problems with finances, you should find out how to manage your finances better after college. The â€Å"quarter-life crisis† commonly occurs around the age of graduating from college. This condition might get even worse due to a stressing situation of being unemployed and confused after the graduation which can compile into a severe depression. The main symptoms of post-college depression are: Being disorganized and unfocused Lacking motivation and energy Being sad or annoyed without a reason Feeling like you are running out of time Feeling miserable and worthless Feeling confused and frustrated Falling into addictions – cigarettes, alcohol, drugs Feeling lonely and abandoned Feeling like a failure If you started to feel like you have too many options to choose from and even after getting your degree you are not sure what you want in your life and considering the option of moving back home, its okay – you are just getting mature. But if you cant find the smallest thing that you enjoy and are constantly unfocused or numb, then you need to start pulling yourself out from this state. How to Fight the Crisis? The first step and the most essential one is to confess the fact that something is wrong with you. If you are reading this article, then you have already done it. Congratulations, your recovery journey starts right now! It’s time to focus. Set Up Your Goals Beating depression is not a quick process. You have to start working through slowly. Think about your dreams and your goals, make a list of them: Your life goals – huge ambitions and dreams – to become a successful specialist in a particular field, to find a dream job, to build a family. Year goals – accomplishments you want to achieve in one year – to get a job after college, to rent the apartment, etc. Monthly goals – realistic goals for one month – to get rid of all unnecessary things in the apartment, to send out your resumes to at least 30 companies, to read a book. Daily goals – small steps to take every day – to make dinner, to clean a wardrobe, to buy groceries. As you can see, the smallest steps you take can lead to larger achievements. It might seem like a waste of time, but the pleasure of crossing out the things that you have accomplished is more satisfying than you might think. Moreover, you will have your plan as a reminder that every day you become closer to making your dreams come true. Make a Meal Plan People in depression have a tendency to skip meals. As a result, they feel even more broken down and tired. You have to force yourself to eat to stay healthy and energized. Make a plan of meals for a week and follow it closely. You can always turn to the resources that might help you in understanding what type of food and how much of it you should consume daily. For example, Eating Well, Abbeys Kitchen, etc. When you dont feel the hunger, its hard to recognize that your body is starving. So, don’t forget to check out tips on how you can eat healthy on a budget. Establish a daily schedule Work on the schedule of your perfect day. Dont lay in bed the whole time, find the strength to get up and start living in the real world. Find the time to go for a walk daily, have your social life, and exercise. Dedicate some time to job hunting and your hobbies. Dont forget about daily meals and your favorite TV shows. And the most important one – go to bed and get up at the same time every day. When you have your day organized, you will realize that your entire life can be organized and structured too, so there are no chaotic activities in it. Try to avoid scrolling social media feed all day long – it doesn’t help you to focus on your accomplishment but distract you from your goals instead. Visit a Doctor The most important piece of advice would be to visit a doctor for a prescribed medication. You might be against pills, but some sedative wont hurt – at least you will sleep well. Moreover, a specialist might advise you to practice certain psychological exercises – yoga, meditation, hypnosis, group therapy, support system, etc. Start changing your life today. You can make your living better if you take a chance. And remember that the state you are in now is not permanent, your future is bright!

Learn About the Difference Between Corporate Ownership and Management

Learn About the Difference Between Corporate Ownership and Management Today, many large corporations have a great number of owners. In fact, a  major company may be owned by a million or more people. These owners are generally called shareholders. In the case of a public company with a great number of these shareholders, a majority may  hold fewer than 100 shares of stock each. This widespread ownership has given many Americans a direct stake in some of the nations biggest companies. By the mid-1990s, more than 40% of U.S. families owned common stock, either directly or through mutual funds or other intermediaries. This scenario is a far cry from the corporate structure of but one hundred years ago  and marks a great shift in the concepts of corporation ownership versus management. Corporation Ownership Versus Corporation Management The widely dispersed ownership of Americas largest corporations has to lead to a separation of the concepts of corporate ownership and control. Because shareholders generally cannot know and manage the full details of a corporations business (nor do many wish to), they elect a board of directors to make broad corporate policy. Typically, even members of a corporations board of directors and managers own less than 5% of the common stock, though some may own far more than that. Individuals, banks, or retirement funds often own blocks of stock, but even these holdings generally account for only a small fraction of the total of the companys stock. Usually, only a minority of board members are operating officers of the corporation. Some directors are nominated by the company to give prestige to the board, others to provide certain skills or to represent lending institutions. For these very reasons, it is not unusual for one person to serve on several different corporate boards at the same time. Corporate Board of Directors and Corporate Executives While corporate boards are elected to direct corporate policy, those boards typically delegate day-to-day management decisions to a chief executive officer (CEO), who may also operate as the boards chairman or president. The CEO supervises other corporate executives, including a number of vice presidents who oversee various corporate functions and divisions. The CEO will also oversee other executives like the chief financial officer (CFO), the chief operating officer (COO), and the chief information officer (CIO). The position of CIO is by far the newest executive title to American corporate structure. It was first introduced in the late 1990s as high technology became a crucial part of U.S. business affairs. The Power of the Shareholders As long as a CEO has the confidence of the board of directors, he or she is generally permitted a great deal of freedom in running and management of the corporation. But sometimes, individual and institutional stockholders, acting in concert and with the backing of dissident candidates for the board, can exert enough power to force a change in management. Other than these more extraordinary circumstances, shareholders participation in the company whose stock they hold is limited to annual shareholder meetings. Even so, generally only a few people attend annual shareholder meetings. Most shareholders vote on the election of directors and important policy proposals by proxy, that is, by mailing in election forms. In recent years, however, some annual meetings have seen more shareholders- perhaps several hundred- in attendance. The U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) requires corporations to give groups challenging management access to mailing lists of stockholders to present their views.

To what extent does the concept of ethics affect online business Essay

To what extent does the concept of ethics affect online business - Essay Example In relation to the study the company which has been selected is Global Media, a London based online mass media organisation which acts as a platform where different mass media houses can market their offerings to the customers. Advertising as well as marketing companies can utilise the services offered by Global Media Company to market as well as distribute their products. These products and services include literary works as well as advertisements for various goods that are related to the media fraternity. This online agency is primarily concerned with providing a network for media organisations to link with their customers. Global Media has a large database for customers as well as providers of different products and services. All the transactions between the media organisations as well as customers are facilitated by Global Media Company. Payments for these products and services offered are done online. Basically, Global Media Company is responsible for compiling and managing the database for various media houses. The organisation operates at a global level since it deals with stakeholders from different parts of the world. A close analysis of the operations of Global Media Company shows that there are broadly two lessons that can be learnt from it. The network approach taken by the organisation overlooks some of the important societal values that characterise people from different backgrounds since the company is mainly driven by the concerns of the proprietors. The other issue that is of concern in this particular case is related to ethical marketing since it can be observed that the company at times give precedence to its profit oriented goals at the expense of the needs of the other stakeholders at large. Thus, these two issues are discussed in detail below and the lessons leant are also outlined. The other part of the report will discuss the measures that can be taken by the managers at Global Media to resolve the issues for the betterment of the compan y in its future operations. Network approach The main issue with the network approach by Global Media is that the model of communication is mainly linear. The main problem with this model is that special consideration is given to the sender of the message and it follows a linear direction. However, the use of the internet has made it possible for information to flow from different angles where all the stakeholders are treated as equal. According to McQuail (2000), this model of communication is criticised because it follows a linear channel from the sender to the recipient. Indeed, the organisation is in business of marketing various products and services to different stakeholders but the problem is that the communication process is skewed in favour of the people who are responsible for designing the message. Molwana (1997) acknowledges that there are several communication networks in society and everyone belongs to one or several of these. As such, people are members of groups, coo peratives and other

Discussion Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 39

Discussion - Essay Example Currently, Europe hosts a number of workforce who are from various countries and various continents, and they make up 6% of the workforce population in Europe. However, with migration especially excessive migration comes several challenges, for example, one of the greatest challenge is marginalization of immigrants in cities, schools and at the workplace (Sutherland & Malmstrom para1). Unlike the United States, Europe has not come to the acknowledgement that there is land for immigrants in Europe so as to cater for the high number of people born in European land. Another challenge is finding jobs, which is highly difficult for blacks and other immigrants as priority is only granted to whites. In addition, acquiring loans for housing is difficult for an immigrant, thus, most end up not owning homes. In order to survive, most migrants enter into marriage with the citizens in order to have access to the country’s resources and attain good welfare. Finally, there is a lack of clea r guidelines and policies on migration and related issues. Russia interferes in the politics of its neighbors, which has resulted in widespread protests in countries like Ukraine. It even led to skirmishes with countries like Georgia. Is Russia correct to keep its neighborhood under its influence? Is the United States still in a position of moral superiority to condemn Russian tactics? What are your views? Russia has been on the world headlines for all the wrong reasons during the past years. Its emergence as mighty country has seen it interfere with the politics and issues of her neighbors at will. A recent one is the Ukraine crisis, in which to make matters worse, she warns the western countries against involvement in the Ukrainian crisis; thus, frustrate all chances of bring the crisis to an end. I think that the actions of Russia are uncalled for, especially interfering with its neighbors political affairs. Every country is sovereign, and Russia

The Clock Essay Example for Free

The Clock Essay A ‘clock’ is an instrument used to specify, record, and manage time. The word ‘clock’ comes from the French word â€Å"cloche† meaning bell, came into use when timekeepers were kept in bell towers in the Middle Ages. Historians do not who or when mankind â€Å"invented† a time-keeping device or a â€Å"clock†. Probably thousands of years ago when someone stuck a stick in the ground and saw a shadow of the sun move across the ground, known as the sundial. (Cummings, 1997-2012). After the Samarian culture left little knowledge behind, the Egyptians were next to divide their day in two parts. A vertical stick, or obelisk that is used to cast a shadow is known as a sundial. They were used as early as 3500 B.C.. Another shadow clock or sundial, possibly the first portable timepiece, came into use around 1500 B.C. to measure the passage of hours. As the sun moves from east to west, the shadows predict the time of the day. They also showed the years longest and shortest days when the shadow at noon was the shortest or longest of the year. The Greeks used a sundial called â€Å"pelekinon†. These sundials are marked to predict time accurately throughout the year. They built a more accurate sundial based on their knowledge of geometry. An ancient Egyptian sundial from the 8th century and a Greek sundial are still in existence today. Water clocks along with sundials are known to be the oldest time-measurements devices. The bowl-shaped outflow is the simplest form of a water clock and is known to have existed in Babylon and in Egypt around the 16th century BC. Other regions of the world, including India and China, also have early evidence of water clocks, but the earliest dates are less certain. Some authors, however, claim that water clocks appeared in China as early as 4000 BC. (Cowan, 1958) Ctesibius or Ktesibios or Tesibius (Greek: ΚτÎ ·ÃÆ'ÃŽ ¯ÃŽ ²ÃŽ ¹ÃŽ ¿Ãâ€š) (fl. 285–222 BC) was a Greek inventor and mathematician in Alexandria, Ptolemaic Egypt. (As of 2008, 1768–2010) He improved the clepsydra in the 3rd century by B.C. by which water that dripped into the container raised a float that carried a cursor to mark the hours. He attached a toothed rack with a float switch that when raised would turn a wheel where he installed mechanical signing birds and bells to signify certain hours of the day such as noon or midnight. In the 16th century A.D.  clepsydras were used by Galileo to time his experimental falling objects. A candle-timepiece is also of ancient origin. No one knows exactly when it originated. It was used to measure the transitory of time by marking intervals along the span of the candle. Ancient Egyptians used tallow, an animal substances to make candles. The Romans were the first to use a wick inside of a candle. Beeswax was used to make candles during the middle ages, however it was very expensive. It was said that the Romans and the Chinese would use candle-timepieces as alarm clocks. They would stick a nail in a certain point of the candle depending on the desired time. Whenever the candle wax melted down to the nail, the nail would then fall onto a tin pan and make a noise. An hourglass or sand clock was a commonly used time device. Its consist of two glass compartments connected by a narrow neck containing an certain amount of sand that slowly trickles from the bottom chamber to the lower in a set amount of time, often one hour or so. Hourglasses were very popular on board ships, as they were the most dependable measurement of time while at sea. Unlike the clepsydra, the motion of the ship while sailing did not affect the hourglass. The fact that the hourglass also used granular materials instead of liquids gave it more accurate measurements, as the clepsydra was prone to get condensation inside it during temperature changes. (Balmer, (Oct., 1978)). In the early-to-mid -14th century A.D., large mechanical clocks begin to appear in towers of several large Italian cities. These clocks were weight driven and very inaccurate. One of the first clocks to strike the hour was in Milan in around 1335 A.D. These clocks only had one hand, the hour hand. In 1510, a man by the name of Peter Henlein, a locksmith and clock maker of Nuremburg, Germany, invented the spring driven clock. He is often considered the inventor of the watch. (Dohrn-van Rossum Dunlap, 1996). In 1557, the minute hand was invented. However, it wasn’t until the invention of the pendulum in the late 1600’s that the minute hand became useful. As electricity was introduced, clocks began to use an electrical impulse to operate the dials of a master clock. The electrical current replaced the spring and weight as a power source. The piezoelectric effect given by the quartz crystals was discovered by the  Curie brothers, Pierre and Paul-Jacques Curie in 1880, but wasn’t applied into a clock until 1929. This effect exhibited by certain crystals generating a voltage when subject to an electric field, induced an electric potential to nearby conductors, therefore powering the clock. These clocks can have an accuracy of one second every 10 years. Along with these inventions, Charles Dowd introduces the idea of time zones in 1870 dividing the United States by meridians one hour, and 15 degrees apart using Greenwich, England as zero meridian. In 1883 the railroads adopt the four time zones for the continental United States. And in 1918 the United States Congress passes the ‘Standard Time Act’, authorizing The Interstate Commerce Commission to establish standard time zones within the United States, and establishing daylight saving times. Finally, In 1949 The National Institute of Standards and Technology built the first atomic clock, using ammonia. A second is formally defined as 9,192,631,770 vibrations of the cesium atom. Atomic clock NIST-7 has been the main atomic time standard for the United States, and is among the best time standards in the world.

Approaches towards Management :: essays research papers

In the early days of the Union Pacific Railroad there really wasn’t really a manageable approach. The means of delivery were mostly by train and Union Pacific was one who provided services. There really wasn’t much of a manageable approach back then, when all you had was a small fleet of trains going across the country delivering goods. Managing wasn’t really something organization thought of, they were in it for the money. If you were an employee of UP such as an engineer you basically got a set of directions from your boss and were off until you arrived at your final destination. Over time these approaches have changed. Approaches such as the classical, human resource and quantitative have all helped UP get from an average company to an excellent company. By using these approaches UP changed into a goal setting organization.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Throughout the Industrial revolution different theories of management were brought up, one being the classical approach. The classical approach was a theory which strived to improve the productivity of operative personnel. With the help of guys like Taylor, the Gilbreths, Fayol, and Weber efficiency increased. During this early time many organizations were very inefficient, where activities were unplanned and unorganized. There were also no real plans, managers really didn’t know what to do besides run the business. UP Railroad was a company who was there to do was to perform services to their customers and that was it. There were no real goals managers could try to strive to, because they had no goals. In and around this time when UP was just established many were doing the same job over and over for very low wages, while certainly not knowing what they were getting into.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  So for years many managers of UP and other organizations didn’t have an efficient plan, while continuing to live by a low standard of living. This is until guys like Taylor and Gilbreth can along. Taylor spent months trying to figure out one way an organization could use one best way to do a specific job instead of everyone doing the same job at once. At UP being more efficient would lower prices and increase wages. As Taylor found a way to be more efficient, Gilbreth also was finding his own ways to being efficient. Best known for his bricklaying technique, Gilbreth also helped revolutionalize efficient work. With their help, organizations like UP could be more efficient, while helping there employees raise the standard of living.

Modernism, Erich Heckel and Primitive Art Essay

The names Erich Heckel and Die Brucke are inseparable in the world of art. It is not without a fair amount of controversy that this artistic movement is regarded though. Heckel, and others were more interested in the primitive form of art which they thought to be purer than the more modern realistic style that had evolved in Europe at the time. But how did the ‘primitive’ art of Africa and other areas affect the style of this movement during a particularly restless political climate in Europe? We will discuss this with reference to the work of Erich Heckel, one of the artists who contributed to the movement greatly during its short life. Die Brucke (The Bridge) was an artistic movement that congregated before the first World War. It was founded by four architecture students in Dresden. Together with Die Blaue Reiter (The Blue Rider), Die Brucke represented German Expressionism which later was banned by the Nazi’s as ‘degenerate’ art [1]. It was the national equivalent of the French Fauves who wished to present a more modernistic and free form of art. It was in early Nazi Germany that degenerate art or ‘entartete kunst’ made Die Brucke a ridiculed artistic movement. Some of the artists banned from activity included Marc Chagall, Max Ernst and Wassily Kandinsky who were all particular members of the then German Expressionist movement [2]. The primary reason for this banning had been due to one aspect in its entirety: primitivism. In the case of Marc Chagall, his inspiration came from a certain spirituality that was involved in the process of creating art and primitive symbolism gave him just that link to spirituality he needed to express himself [2]. Chagall, as one of the modernist painters had been born in Russia into a Jewish family and even though he was not German, he was exiled to the United States after Germany occupied France. Paul Klee was another of the German Expressionist who was ridiculed as an artist because of the primitive nature of his work. Klee was a Swiss born artist who was extremely serious about pushing the boundaries of art, something Nazi Germany definitely did not encourage. The primitive symbolism is particularly visible in paintings such as Fish Magic (1925), oil and aquarelle color [4: p 2834]. Klee uses the heavy stylization and cubism to convey an environment that is much more complicated in its meaning than its composition. There is an element of surrealism also conveyed in this piece, where a clock is displayed amidst the floating fish and cubist inspired people. A conjugation of cubism and surrealism is visible but there is also an aspect of Cezanne with the conical vases suspended around the picture. Death and Fire (1940) is another extremely primitive piece and has elements of the South American Indians such as the Inca [4: p 2841]. Franc Marc melded primitive figures with cubism and bright colors. Tower of Blue Horses (1913), revealed a recurring theme in his work. For Marc, the color blue was a deep spiritual color while horses were a Biblical symbol of the apocalypse [5]. As a member of Die Blaue Reiter, his consciousness was fixated on animalistic painting which he believed depicted the organic structure of the world [5: p 2985]. Despite being declined as an artist in Germany, his work is extremely beautiful. Edvard Munch shifted from Norway to Germany but his exhibition was quickly shut down in Berlin. He could be seen as one of the forerunners to primitivism in art and therefore not popular in Germany. Munch’s best known work is possibly The Scream (1893) whose primitive nature is extremely evident not only in the brushstrokes but also in the treatment of the subject itself [6: p 2352]. Some of his work, as opposed to Marc, is not beautiful, but grotesque and indicative of the tormented self. Wassily Kandinsky is possibly the most interesting of the ‘degenerate’ artists. He was not only affected by the Russian revolution, but later also the Nazi invasion. His version of primitivism came in his obsession with geometry, similar to Marc. Composition VIII (1923), is literally a composition of geometric shapes. The colors are bright and dispersed around the entire picture. Some blocks of color are textured, but most of it is matte and smooth color. Erich Heckel, as a founder member of Die Brucke was born in Dobeln in 1883. Most of Heckel’s figures were in fact two dimensional versions of African sculptures. From equatorial Africa, down towards Southern Africa, sculptures was used symbolically most often for religious purposes. Heckel had been very interested in one particular room at the Brucke studio which was filled with cloths, wood-carvings and furniture obtained in Africa and the ‘South Seas’. He began studying at the Museum of Ethnology in Dresden to increase his understanding of the ‘primitive’ art [9]. His woodcut entitled Women (1913), has traditional colors of red, white and black. The chiseled features are geometrically shaped and stylized to give the cut the same angularity of the carvings that originated in Africa. The same print style is visible in cloth artifacts that were also imported from the African areas and so-called primitive countries. Part of the rationale behind the primitivism work was an almost communist stance against the bourgeois sector of society [8]. There had been an increased interest in ‘visual metaphor’, pictures that expressed something from the inside: an innate spirituality. At this stage, modern art became profoundly political, shifting the meaning of art from simple decorative and esthetics to a complex vessel for expounding social interests. The modern world took on a different color during the early 1900’s, which led to the increased darkening of themes and images, but Heckel was a little different. The Expressionists, including Heckel drew inspiration from ‘primitive’ art for various reasons. These reasons included: counter-revolutionary reasons; new found freedom of thought; anti-capitalist protest; seeking the purest, most honest depiction of spirituality; fascination with ‘otherness’; exploration of the spontaneous; external expression of the inner emotion and philosophical creativity. The Art Nouveau movement had taken its expression from the decadent nature of estheticism. It was art for arts sake and had been a depiction of the environment at the time, but Expressionism behaved as a counter-revolutionary protest against the capitalist or ‘bourgeois’ society [10]. The Expressionists felt that materialistic society had degraded spirituality and inner connection in people in general. Together with a new found freedom of expression introduced by the likes of Picasso and Miro, Dali and even Duchamps, the Expressionists now felt that they could express their own opinions via art. As a result, there was an increased need for internal examination that stripped away the ostentatious outer layer of the Baroque and Romantic era. Primitive cultures had been particularly interested in the spiritual and found this spirituality in the simplest forms of art [10]. Arguably, the many layers humanity had added to themselves through material possession and fashion hid the inner emotional volcano the Expressionists wanted to uncover. The ‘primitive’ was largely unaffected by the material practices and therefore appeared to be a more honest way of expressing the suppressed emotion. It was also more based on instinct then on rationality [10]. The other key interest is in the concept of ‘otherness’. The fact that this particular form of art was largely unknown to the ‘civilized’ world was a curious thing for Europeans to acknowledge [10]. It added a freshness or ‘newness’ to the high-browed European art world. Modern artist Shastri Maharaj describes the obsession with primitiveness as being an interest in the bold colors and sharp outlines usually associated with the tools used to form the images. Artists such as Modigliani were particularly interested in Polynesian images, while Heckel was interested in the so-called ‘Bantu’ style of woodcarving. Either way they were both inspired by something that was new and unexplored [11]. Masks such as ‘death masks’ were images used in works that explored the nature of life and death, due in part to their austere beauty and also because they were unafraid of facing the inevitable. At this stage, psychiatry had also made a huge influence on society, with Sigmund Freud’s encouragement to face inner demons that include man’s inherent fear of death. What was termed ‘funerary’ art created a stir around the unknown and facing the unknown [11]. Ancestral worship had been an aspect of primitive art that was also seen as relatively unacceptable to Christian Europe. Robert Goldwater spent his life studying traditional art and the relationship between modern artists and their anthropological fascination with tribal and ancestral art. Even if one was to consider Salvador Dali’s depictions of animals and people with exaggerated limbs, we see an influence that it not unlike the North Eastern sculptures of Africa. Together with the Metropolitan Museum, they created an extensive resource of primitive art. A closer look at ritual art reveals at the Metropolitan Museum reveals that the ancient work was either of stone, wood or precious metals were richly patterned and elaborately colored. The relationship therefore between the modernist painters and the ancient world is visible in the brightly colored depictions of the artists such as Marc and Chagall. That Heckel took his inspiration from the African component of primitive art is evident since the majority of African art was produced in wood and ivory as opposed to the gold that is associated with the South American Indians. Some of the art was also indicative of the caste or rank of the people within the civilization and this proved to be a great difference in the material that was used by the individual artist during that time [12]. Ceremony was an integral part of their belief structure and could not be separated from their daily life in much the same way as the Greeks could not separate their idol-worship from their mere existence. It was this factor of belonging and having a purpose to life that the Expressionists found to be the missing link in European art. This was the factor they believed had distanced them from their own inner glory. As the Metropolitan Museum also reveals there was a heightened collectivity about these primitive artists, that they functioned in some form of hierarchal unity that no longer existed in, for instance, Nazi dominated Europe [12]. Da Vinci had been responsible for exploring the inner functioning of the human body, its bones and muscles, but prior to that, the human body was depicted in much the same way the African sculptures portrayed it to be: relatively shapeless. Women appeared however to always be portrayed as nubile, voluptuous and well-endowed, which is probably the archetype but not indicative of the average woman. These ‘fertility’ goddesses were presumed to bring good-fortune to child-bearing women and Heckel produced a number of lino and wood cuts bearing the semblance of these fecund women. As it can be perceived, the primitive world was one in which survival of a race, tribe of civilization was dependant on the amount of children born and even then, on how many survived. In modern Europe, the ‘race’ had already been established and the need to breed was not as great as the need to supplicate the need for material wealth. Cultural difference therefore lay in the status of the country at the time and although many of the works that inspired the likes of Heckel are form the Sudanese area, it is also the area of Africa which is still fighting the oldest war in Africa. The survival instinct is still as alive as it had been in ‘primitive’ times. The Indian component of ‘primitive art’ is visible in almost all of the Expressionist work, particularly that of Klee, whose aforementioned piece called Death and Fire, reveals the common obsession with death and the possibility of life thereafter. The Peruvian tribes such as the Moche provided artists with a clear glimpse into their entire grotesque world of death, burial and the afterlife. The Inca too, had profound images of death as well as the most famous sarcophagi of Egypt. The masks were meant to be a motif of the victim, but since the skill of copying the dead person was not quite as practiced as, Gainsborough or Lely, they were heavily stylized. Klee saw no reason to attempt to glamorize the process of death and going to hell in the way that perhaps Blake would have, but instead brought it down to what it really was: a primal fear. Modigliani’s work is well known to have been influenced by the Polynesian realms, and this is also seen not only in his subject matter but also in his cubist approach to the subject matter. A cotemporary of Picasso, he did not quite stylize his subject to the point of pure abstraction but used brightly colored flowers and luscious physical arrangements in a time when that was considered not only ‘kitsch’ but also inappropriate. The question was, did it make any difference when compared to the works of the also ridiculed Goya or even further back to Rubens? No, the problem was no the nude, but the nationality of the nude. The ‘otherness’ of the subject made them appear to be crude, basic and uncivilized to the Western eye, which of course, as they were not understood, could not have been the case. Similarly the work of Munch and Chagall were both based on religious iconography that was exhibited in the same way as perhaps the Bushmen cave paintings of Southern Africa. The pictures were bland except for the raw emotion that obviously courses through the paintings into the viewer. Whether of not you like The Scream or not makes not difference when you look at it because it affects you regardless of whether you see it as a ‘master’ work or not. This was the point of Expressionism and indeed of all Modern Art, the inner connection and ability to feel emotion whether it was anguish, fear, love or lust. These are all very basic emotions and basic feelings. If one looks a step further at the Impressionists, the same volatility of nature was the expressive part of the movement itself. It was beyond the self-obsessed need for fickle and wanton things, it was about capturing something; a time; a place that could never be seen in that way again. If we consider the art of ancient Greece, which could also be termed ‘primitive’, the effects it has had on modern art has been immense. It has not stopped instilling awe and wonder on the modern world, by its sheer ingenuity. Also obsessed with basic emotions, it made them not very different at all to the Aztecs of the Mayan empires, other than that it has been more widely preserved. Apart from the philosophical arguments regarding modern arts fascination with the primitive, it also gives us a sense of preserving what we have been given in knowledge and heritage from whatever angle we approach it. The primitive has always been with us, right down to our involuntary fight-or-flight reaction that we can never ignore. The basis for survival was very different and the means of producing the works we call ‘primitive’ today, was not purely for decorative or entertainment value. It had a specific purpose and part to play. As the modern human has become more in love with its own intelligence and more obsessed with its produce, it has begun to forget why it was put on earth in the first place. Artists, it could be argued are generally of the introverted, self-analyzing type and it could be that what modern art wanted to do, was to free them of the burden of emptiness. No doubt, the primitive instinct we find necessary for basic survival would kick in at some stage, but it doesn’t seem to be inherent anymore. It can be concluded that the ostentatious lifestyles modern man had created over the years for himself had gradually dug him into a pit of artistic stagnation and the meaning of art itself changed completely. Picasso had stood up against the Nazi’s in 1933 at the Paris Universal Exhibition when he painted the anti-Franco/Hitler painting Geurnica (1933) and the sensitive artist suddenly became the political activist. This is why, in art, music, literature, philosophy and even in science, we will always come back to the same conclusion and to the same means: we think therefore we are.

By The Waters Of Babylon

By the Waters of Babylon is about a son of a priest & becoming priest by the name of John who goes on a quest to find himself & show he is worthy to become a priest. Just as in the movie â€Å"The Village† there are forbidden places enter into. It’s forbidden to go to any of the dead places except to search for metal & he who touches the metal must be a priest or son of a priest or they will die. John’s father takes him on a journey to search for metal & it is only after John touches the metal does his father see that John is â€Å"truly his son and would be a priest.†As the time comes for John to become a priest, he has to undergo a â€Å"purification† rite. John’s father tells him to look into the fire and to say what he sees in his dreams. John sees a river, and, beyond it, a great Dead Place and in it the gods walking. His father calls this a â€Å"strong dream† that â€Å"may eat you up. † He then makes his son promise not to travel to the east and cross the great river to visit the Place of the Gods for these places are forbidden to enter. His father sends him off on a spiritual journey, but does not know he is going to  the forbidden places of the Gods. As John prays & fasts he takes a journey through the forest for eight days, and crosses the forbidden river Ou]-dis-sun.He crosses it & does not die. Once John gets to the Place of the Gods, he steps on the ground & he does not burn. Instead he only feels energy and magic. As he travels through the place of the Gods in search of food he sees a statue of what seems to be a â€Å"God† that says â€Å"ASHING† on its base. While being chased by dogs and finds a building with stories he climbs to get away from becoming food. John explores what seems to be an  apartment he see pictures, sculptures & things he has never known of. As he continues looking around he comes upon what he thinks is a dead God.Upon viewing the visage, he has an ep iphany that the gods were simply humans whose power overwhelmed good judgment. After John returns to his tribe, he speaks of the places â€Å"New York† and â€Å"Biltmore†. His father tells him not to, for sometimes too much truth is a bad thing that it must be told little by little. The story ends with John stating his conviction that, once he becomes the head priest, â€Å"We must build again.† By The Waters of Babylon This short story by Stephen Vincent Benet, is what we call â€Å"an Apocalyptic fiction†. It is defined as â€Å"a sub-genre of science fiction that is concerned with the end of civilization, through nuclear war, plague, or some other general disaster and Post-apocalyptic fiction is set in a world or civilization after such a disaster† (The Free Dictionary website). Description of the story The story is about a boy called John, who is a son of a priest and he wants to become a priest himself.He and his tripe are seemed to be living in ancient times of earth with his Primitive tools and simple kind of weapons. John and his people were living with a kind of Taboos about the â€Å"forbidden Dead Places† ,where no one has gone before. John wanted to learn more about the Mighty Gods and wanted to go on a journey to discover the knowledge he seeks. After 8 days trip, he reached the ruins of the Gods' city, he then got the unbelievable truth about what happened in the e arlier past times. The war between Gods destroyed the earth.Gods were fighting for power even though they had all the knowledge they needed . John was amazed of what he discovered and how those â€Å"Gods† were just humans as he and his people were. They were Only human with ultimate uncontrolled powers that caused Armageddon. John was afterward the truth and when he realized what really happened ,he returned to his father to tell what he saw. Meanings beyond the story The story begins with a high level of Ambiguity that keeps the reader asking, â€Å"What has really happened?† John was searching for knowledge and he realized that this is a hard way to go . The language used in the story feel strange on ears with different kinds of enchanted words and magic fever shown in it. The description of the forbidden lands and the legends describing what has happened there, are similar for the destruction made by atomic bombs on Japan . If we put in mind that this story was fir st published on 1937, before any kind of evidence on using the atomic bombs in World War 2 on Japan, so it is obvious that Benet had a great vision or fear of what may happened.Through a spiritual vision, John realized what really happened and even though he believed that knowledge is a great gift that only Gods may have and may give little bit of it to human ,who really worth to know, but it may also be a deadly weapons if it is not used in a proper ways. The peak of the story was at the point when John visited one of what he called â€Å"place of Gods† and there he saw a dead â€Å"God†, who was returned to be only a human just like him. A dead body of one of the victims. He died watching the civilization dying too.Knowing that the disaster happened on Earth-Our Earth- gives us a sign that it may also happen to us. With all the misused weapons and technology what protects us from being a victim for a great disaster and becoming â€Å"Dead Gods† for upcoming po or foolish civilization? John returned to his land and told his father what he has seen there and that he knew what really happened. He wanted to tell the truth for every one, but his father told him not to tell all the truth at once, it may be lethal. Telling the truth is best little by little.John's father â€Å"The Priest† and every one like him ,who were in charge may tried to hide the truth beyond the magic and spells and forbidden lands to prevent the humanity from making the same mistake and destroy itself, but in my opinion, Knowing the truth of what happened may prevent another disaster. Recommendation This short story is defined as children readings, but it has a deep meaning inside and between lines. I recommend this story for elder children and adults. It's good also in high school literature classes.ReferencesApocalyptic definition. Retrieved August 30, 2007, from The free dictionary web site Web site: http://encyclopedia. thefreedictionary. com/apocalyptic David Garrett Izzo, Fayetteville State University, North Carolina. † Stephen Vincent Benet. â€Å"The literary Encyclopedia. 17 Feb. 2005. The literary Dictionary Company. 30 August 2007. < http://www. litencyc. com/php/speople. php? rec=true&UID=354> Benet, S. By the Waters of Babylon. Retrieved August 30, 2007, Web site:

Deontology and Computer Programer Essays

Deontology and Computer Programer Essays Deontology and Computer Programer Essay Deontology and Computer Programer Essay A strict deontological would have no qualms about doing his duty. The Seven Oaks Philosophy website states, Theories in this category (demonology) address the question of what makes one action right and another one wrong irrespective of the consequences of the action. That means no matter the result a strict deontological will do his duty. I, the computer programmer, have sworn an oath to never intervene in any government action. If I were to interrupt the launch, that action would be ring, because I would be intervening in government actions, without giving any thought to the consequences after the launch. So a true deontological would not stop the launch nor divert the flight path and I believe my true duty would be a computer programmer that will not mess in government business. Let us put the situation to the test of Cants Categorical Imperative. The only thing GOOD about the act is the WILL, the GOOD WILL. That will is to do our DUTY. What is our duty? It is our duty to CT in such a manner that we would want everyone else to act in a similar manner in similar circumstances towards all other people. ( ICC. CUNY. Du/ Categorical_eliminative. HTML) So lets put this to the test- would I want Deltas (or any other country) computer programmer to Just do his Job and not stop millions of people dying? Of coarse I would want him to stop the launch, and thus l, using CLC should stop the launch. But would these actions be fulfilling my duty? Using Cants ironically I believe it would because my duty would not be Just a computer programmer, but our duty Is to act In such a manner that we would want everyone else to act. These entirely two different actions would definitely put the strict deontological at odds with Emmanuel Cants philosophy. Not so much In doing our duty, as using the philosophy to determine WHAT Is our duty. If I truly am the computer programmer In this scenario, I would definitely not allow the launch to happen and face the consequences of not doing my assigned Job.

The Best AP US Government Review 5-Step Guide

The Best AP US Government Review 5-Step Guide SAT / ACT Prep Online Guides and Tips AP US Government can be a fascinating class for those interested in how the American political system works and what factors led to its formation. While the exam is less difficult than many other APs, it's still important to understand the types of questions you can expect and the most efficient ways to study based on the content. In this article, I'll go through sample questions from each part of the exam, list a step-by-step AP Government review process, and provide some tips for making the most of your studying. What’s the Format of the AP US Government Exam? The exam is two hours and twenty-five minutes long, and, like other AP tests, it includes multiple-choice and free-response sections.The multiple-choice section is 45 minutes long and contains 60 questions.You’ll earn one point for each question you answer correctly; there are no points deducted for incorrect answers or questions you leave blank.The free-response section is 100 minutes long and contains four questions.Each question in the free-response section is worth the same percentage of your score, although they typically have different numbers of raw points possible. What Do Questions Look Like on the AP US Government Exam? In this section, I’ll provide official examples of questions from each section of the test.The multiple-choice example is from the course guidelines, and the free-response example is a released question from the 2015 AP test. Multiple Choice Question Example EXCEPT questions are common on the AP US Government exam.It’s critical to read these questions carefully so that you don’t end up getting confused and looking for the wrong answer.In this case, we are looking for the one response that doesn’t represent a concern about the flaws of the Articles of Confederation.We need to eliminate the responses that were legitimate reasons for modifying the Articles of Confederation. The main issue with the Articles of Confederation was that they created a wimpy central government that didn’t have enough power to regulate conflicts between the states.We can eliminate any answers that talk about problems with weaknesses of the central government.That means B, D, and E should all be crossed out, leaving us with A and C as potential answers. Choice C, the desire to promote trade among the states, is connected to the problems with a lack of centralized power.Since the states were so autonomous, trade barriers were being set up that stifled the economy and divided the country too drastically.The federal government needed to be strengthened so that it could prevent these sorts of barriers from being thrown up and creating divisions and rivalries that damaged the country’s economy as a whole.This means that choice C can also be eliminated. Choice A, the only answer left, is the one we want.Although there was ultimately dissatisfaction over safeguards of individual rights and liberties which led to the creation of the Bill of Rights, this did not come to fruition until a couple of years later; it wasn’t a direct impetus for the convention. Free This question requires an understanding of presidential election policies and procedures.You could earn one point in part A for describing a reason why the electoral college was instituted by the framers of the constitution.Potential answers include: It provides for a compromise between small and large states in the election process. It protects against direct election by poorly informed citizens (caters to elites). The framers did not trust the people, Congress, or state legislatures to elect the president on their own. The electoral college reinforces federalism and gives states a role in presidential selection. For part B (also worth one point), you have to explain the message the cartoon sends regarding presidential elections.You might say that it points out that candidates mainly focus on battleground or swing states while placing much less emphasis on most other states.Alternatively, you could simply say that the cartoon indicates that most states are ignored by presidential candidates in the election process. For part C (again, worth one point), you would need to explain why California, Texas, and New York are not emphasized in the cartoon despite being assigned tons of electoral votes.You could say that all those states are very heavily controlled by one party or the other, so campaigning there will only help a candidate so much.Their voting patterns are essentially predetermined. The fate of the election is typically decided in smaller but more evenly divided states. For part D, worth two points, you just need to describe two campaign tactics used in swing states during presidential elections.Possible answers include: Concentrating campaign funds in those states Putting out more TV ads and media coverage in those states Having larger campaign organizations stationed in those states Making more campaign appearances in those states Focusing on issues that swing voters in those states care about Selecting a running mate who hails from one of the swing states You could earn a potential total of five raw points for this question, which is a typical number of points for most AP US Government free-response questions.On the 2015 exam, the first three free-response questions were worth five points each, and the last question was worth seven points.Keep in mind that each question has the same influence on your final score regardless of its raw point value.That means there’s no reason to prioritize one question over another; just start with whichever question seems easiest to you. Which Topics Does the AP US Government Exam Cover? There are six major topics covered by the exam.Here’s a chart detailing how often you’ll see each of them in the multiple-choice section: Topic Area Percentage of Questions Constitutional Underpinnings of US Government 5-15% Political Beliefs and Behaviors 10-20% Political Parties, Interest Groups, and Mass Media 10-20% Institutions of National Government: The Congress, the Presidency, the Bureaucracy, and the Federal Courts 35-45% Public Policy 5-15% Civil Rights and Civil Liberties 5-15% How to Review for AP US Government It can be hard to know where to start with your AP Gov review - I'll walk you through five steps to get you readyfor the exam. Step 1: Take a Practice Test The first step in your review should be to take a real practice exam.You need to do this before you dive into studying so you can focus on the areas that need the most work rather than reading over the material indiscriminately.As I mentioned in the previous section, you should also be sure totime yourself accurately on this practice test. When you’re done, score the test (one point for each multiple-choice question, consult specific scoring guidelines for free-response questions), and use this calculator to convert your raw score into an approximate AP score.This should give you some insight into how much time you’ll need to spend studying if you want to reach your goals. The AP US Government exam is known as one of the easier AP tests, so I'd suggest that you aim for a 5 unless you're really struggling with the material. Step 2: Look Back at Your Mistakes When you’ve finished scoring the test, review your mistakes to see which topics need to be addressed in your studying.Categorize incorrect answers by topic area and/or skill set.If you find that you had a lot of trouble with questions that asked about the judiciary, you would want to focus on that content in your review sessions. You can also consider the types of question formats that tripped you up most frequently.For example, if you noticed that you did especially poorly on EXCEPT questions, you might conclude that you need to practice slowing down and paying more attention to the wording of questions on the test. Step 3: Study Whatever You Forgot Now, you can dive back into your notesand study any content that was problematic for you on the practice test.If you don’t have many issues with content and are struggling more with the test format or careless mistakes, you can just do a short review of any small tidbits you missed and then move onto the next step. Step 4: Do Selective Practice Questions This step is important if you struggled with â€Å"EXCEPT† questions or most of your mistakes came from careless misunderstandings of the questions.Practicesimilar questions so that you’re more used to the types of wording and formats you’ll see on the exam.You can find tons of practice questions available on different websites and in review books (I’ll eventually be writing another article that lists all of these resources for you). Step 5: Take a Second Practice Test to Measure Your Progress When you’re satisfied that you have a better handle on all the issues that plagued you on the first practice test, you should take another test to see if you’ve made real progress.Again, time the test accurately, and take it in a quiet, distraction-free environment.If you find that your scores have improved, you can either decide that you’re satisfied or shoot for even more improvement by going through this process again.If you don’t see much improvement, you should backtrack and reexamine your study process.It may be that you were reading over your notes without really absorbing them or you didn’t do enough practice questions to get the hang of the test. Here’s an approximate timeline for the completion of all five of these steps: Step 1: 3 hoursStep 2: 1 hourStep 3: 2 hoursStep 4: 2 hoursStep 5: 3 hours Total Time: 11 hours When you finish studying for the AP test, the unofficial step 6 is convincing your teacher to let you watch House of Cards in class for the remainder of the year. 3 Study Tips for AP US Government Finally, here are a few essential study tips to keep you on track during your AP Government review. Tip #1: Prioritize Institutions of National Government As you can see from the chart in the previous section, "Institutions of National Government" is the most prominent single content area on the test.Congress and the Presidency, in particular, are hot topics that make up around 30 percent of questions. You should be familiar with the powers of these institutions, their compositions, the election processes associated with them, their origins, and how they’ve changed over time.It’s critical to have this knowledge as a foundation so that all the other information you’ve learned makes sense and can be tied back to the central structure of the US political system. Tip #2: Know Your Key Terms AP US Government is heavy on understanding terminology in context and identifying correct definitions on both sections of the test. It’s a great idea to make some flashcards to get yourself up to speed with all the fancy words that are used to describe stuff related to the government. Most review books and textbooks will have lists of key vocabulary that you can reference when creating flashcards.Be able to identify each term by its corresponding definition and state the definition when you're presented with a key term. Tip #3: Authentic Practice Resources Are Important There’s no foolproof substitute for official AP practice questions when reviewing for this test.Although it’s fine to use some unofficial sources (and, in fact, you probably have to if you hope to get in enough practice), you need to mix in at least some official AP questions to make sure you’re ready for the exam.Take at least one or two full official practice tests in your studying so you can get an accurate prediction of how you would perform on the real test. You should also time yourself to the specifications of the real AP test when taking official practice tests.This will help you to detect any issues with time management and develop skills in pacing that are necessary on the AP test.Note that you have less than a minute for each multiple choice question on this test (60 questions in 45 minutes), so you’ll have to keep yourself moving forward constantly to ensure that you make it to the end of the section. Don't get stuck in traffic when you come across hard questions. Either take your best guess or skip it on the first run through and come back to it later. Make sure you glare at the question as you zoom past. It knows what it did. Key Points for AP Government Review The AP US Government exam is one of the shorter AP tests, but it still covers a wide range of topics and includes some confusing question types that you should become familiar with before test day. Here's a recap of the steps you should take to get the most out of your review process: Step 1: Take a Practice Test Step 2: Look Back at Your Mistakes Step 3: Study What You Missed Step 4: Do Selective Practice Questions Step 5: Take Another Practice Test You can repeat these steps as necessary until you're satisfied with your scores. In your studying, focus on learning the ins and outs of institutions of national government and memorizing the definitions of key terms. You should also be sure to practice your skills using real AP questions from the College Board. Above all, don't be intimidated by this test. You're almost certainly capable of earning a 5 if you start studying well in advance! What's Next? To get your studying started, here's an article detailing how to find the best AP practice exams. Want even more advice on how to do well on your AP exams? Check out these six critical tips for success on any AP test. If your school doesn't offer an AP class that interests you, you might consider going rogue and taking the test anyways. Learn how you canself-study for an AP exam and end up with a great score. Want to improve your SAT score by 160 points or your ACT score by 4 points?We've written a guide for each test about the top 5 strategies you must be using to have a shot at improving your score. Download it for free now:

Compare between TURKEY and USA Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Compare between TURKEY and USA - Essay Example The country is rich in natural resources such as gold and iron ore with a third of its land arable. Although formally recognized as the republic of Turkey in English, it is also known as Turkiye Cumhuriyeti in Turkish. The country has a total area of 780,580sq km of which 9,820sq km is covered with water. The country had a total population of 73, 722,988 persons as at January 1, 2011 out of which about 18 percent reside in Istanbul. This is mainly because a large percentage of the population resides in cities. The percentage of males is slightly higher than that of women. The population growth rate was 1.45% in 2009. The life expectancy in the country is 71.5 years with employment rate of 43% as at 2010. The major towns in Turkey include Istanbul, Ankara, Izmir, Bursa, and Adana among others. Out of these towns, Ankara is the capital city from where various administrative activities are carried out. In terms of size, it falls second after Istanbul. Ankara is elevated at 938 metres with a population of about 4.5 million as at 2010. The city is located at Anatolia and commercial and industrial activities carried in there. Moreover, the city hosts all the foreign embassies and has an effective transport infrastructure. The country is divided into 81 provinces in order to easy the administrative process. In terms of its economy, Turkey incorporates agriculture and modern industry. The private sector has been thriving very well and has been a source of employment to the citizens. In the achievement of the economic success, the government has played a significant part in providing reforms that have streamlined the entire process. Environment conservation has been a very crucial aspect in turkey. The country forest covers about a third of the land, which is a significant percentage. In an effort to avoid its exploitation as well as of other natural

Ontology and the Morality of Abortion Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Ontology and the Morality of Abortion - Essay Example It seems everyone has a view on this issue and all seem to want to have their say. Perhaps this is due to the fact that the human race has strong ties to its origins so in answering the question of if humans were once fetuses; many feel the answer to when life begins will also be uncovered. After researching the ontological issue of was a human being ever a fetus and the moral issue of what the arguments are for the various position on abortion: anti-abortion, moderate and strong, the question of the morality of abortion should become clear. Ontology is the philosophical study of the nature of being, existence or reality. It is through ontology that the primary focus on the debate of abortion becomes the answer of one simple question, was a human being ever a fetus? Two of the most famous philosophers to debate this issue are Erin T. Olson and Lynne Rudder Baker. Their primary debate focuses on whether we are a person, or whether we are essentially persons. Baker takes on the view th at we are all essentially persons. The term person, as he defines it, is as a being capable of rational and moral activity. In this he argues that we could never have been something that was not a person, such as a fetus. He then takes this idea step further in saying that since only persons are moral agents and as a result have rights, no abortion ever has nor ever will violate any rights since non-persons, in this case fetuses, do not have any. This debate, though it seems logical, can hold many horrendous implications. If, in society, we view only those who are capable of rational and moral activity, as persons and therefore the only ones to have rights, many others besides the fetus could be excluded. Take for instance a man in a comma. In the comma state the man does not have the ability of ration or moral activity; he is in a sense a vegetable, same as a fetus. So according to this theory if he was an inconvenience then the plug could be pulled and it would be okay to let him die because he is not essentially a person. A new born, according to this theory, could also be deemed incapable of rational and moral activity, so in essence it is yet to be essentially a person, so therefore has no rights and if one so choose could be done away with. Another example would be a mentally handicap person, in many severe cases, the mentally handicap are incapable of rational and moral activity, therefore are they not considered essentially persons with rights. It seems that saying that only those with rational and moral activity are essentially persons and therefore have rights is a dangerous road to travel. Olson, however, takes on the view that we are not all essentially persons, but that each of us is essentially a member of the species, Homo sapiens, in short, an animal, a biological kind. He says that the properties of personhood are acquired by humans at some stage in their biological career, just like we acquire other properties like being a student, a mother, so on. So with this view all humans were once a fetus. If all human kind therefore was once a fetus, in the debate of abortion it would be wrong to kill or abort a human, despite what state it is in. This argument makes more logical sense as

Gender Across Cultures Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Gender Across Cultures - Essay Example The chromosome construction of males and females are different. According to biological analysis XX-type chromosomes are found in females and XY-type of chromosomes are found in males. However, there are various effects of society, ethnicity and culture that complete the behaviour and identity of men and women based on the difference in the gender group (Zevin, 2014, p.57). The impact of ethnicity and culture over sex and gender can be clearly illustrated with the help of the research of Margaret Mead. Margaret explained about different cultures with wide variety of examples. According to Margaret’s research it has been observed that the native people of New Guinea have completely different approach towards the two major genders that represent the human society. For example, the people of Tchambuli culture in New Guinea have represented women to be the leading members in their society (Wetherell, 2001, p.88). Females have the ultimate control of economic life and they work tow ards the betterment of people. According to the research it has been observed that the women participate in different type of professions to earn their living. The males of the society generally participate in arts and theatres. The males of the society do-not have any direct control over the regulation of economy of the Tchambuli society. The Tchambuli women have been found to be engaging themselves in manufacturing of products and food. The initiations of sexual relations are also taken by the females of the society.

Pipe Surge and Water Hammer Experiment

Pipe Surge and Water Hammer Experiment The objective of the work undertaken was consisted two separate experiments, pipe surge and water hammer. These are both caused by a reduction in the flow rate within a pipe. They are two alternative dissipations of the kinetic energy of the fluid into another form of energy pressure in the case of the water hammer, and potential energy in the case of the surge shaft. The surge shaft is a device used as a way of avoiding pressure surges which accompany the water hammer effect, by allowing the fluid up a shaft near the valve, thus absorbing the pressure exerted by the fluid on the valve and the pipe. The aim of these two experiments was to compare the results with the theory derived from Newtons Second Law of Motion. Introduction Pipe Surge Water pipelines and distribution systems are subjected to surges almost daily, which over time can cause damage to equipment and the pipeline itself. Surges are caused by sudden changes in flow velocity that result from common causes such as rapid valve closure, pump starts and stops, and improper filling practices. Pipelines often see their first surge during filling when the air being expelled from a pipeline rapidly escapes through a manual vent or a throttled valve followed by the water. Being many times denser than air, water follows the air to the outlet at a high velocity, but its velocity is restricted by the outlet thereby causing a surge. It is imperative that the filling flow rate be carefully controlled and the air vented through properly sized automatic air valves. Similarly, line valves must be closed and opened slowly to prevent rapid changes in flow rate. The operation of pumps and sudden stoppage of pumps due to power failures probably have the most frequent impact o n the system and the greatest potential to cause significant surges. If the pumping system is not controlled or protected, contamination and damage to equipment and the pipeline itself can be serious. The effects of surges can be as minor as loosening of pipe joints to as severe as damage to pumps, valves, and concrete structures. Damaged pipe joints and vacuum conditions can cause contamination to the system from ground water and backflow situations. Uncontrolled surges can be catastrophic as well. Line breaks can cause flooding and line shifting can cause damage to supports and even concrete piers and vaults. Losses can be in the millions of dollars so it is essential that surges be understood and controlled with the proper equipment. Water Hammer Water hammer is the formation of pressure waves as the result of a sudden change in liquid velocity in a piping system. Water hammer usually occurs when a fluid flow start or stops quickly or is forced to make a rapid change in direction. Quick closing of valves and stoppage of pump can create water hammer. Valve closing in 1.5s or less depending upon the valve size and system conditions causes an abrupt stoppage of the slow. Since liquid is not compressible, any energy that is applied to is instantly transmitted. The pressure waves created at rapid valve closure can reach five times the systems working pressure. If not considered for, this pressure pulse will rapidly accelerate to the speed of sound in liquid, which can exceed 1200 m/s, causing burst of the pipeline and pump causing as well as fracture in the pipe fittings. For this reason, it is essential to understand under what conditions these pressure waves are produced and reduce the pressure rise as much as possible in a pipi ng system. Risk assessment In experimental work there are always some risks to everyone in the lab, hence a health and safety briefing before commencing the labs. These will aware people to the potential risks and the appropriate steps to reduce the likelihood of accidents. Therefore it is crucial to follow the advice of the staff supervising at all times and use the protection equipment provided. There are different hazard around in the lab, identifying them is important. There are people doing other experiments at the same time in the lab, make sure what the worst situation can happen with it. Therefore knowing where is the closest fire exit is important, or the short route to get out the build. Making sure there are not wire on the floor, incase people fell over it. Make sure that all the equipments going to be used are safe. Connecting the equipments correctly to prevent short circuit. Make sure that the load is not too heavy to left. When loading the equipment, be careful it might fell on to someones toe. Be aware of anything caught into the equipment When leaving the lab make sure things are placed back to the original place, and all equipments are switched off. There are ways to prevent it happen. Make sure you know the risk of the experiment. Ask others to help to set up, if not sure what the equipment does. Do not leave anything unattended. Not lift anything heavy alone or with equipments help. Wear PPE Methodology Pipe Surge The equipment is set up as shown Figure 4 1, where the head loss can be measured. The static head (hs) is recorded through the level on the surge shaft when there is no flow, this will be the datum level throughout the experiment. Then adjusting the gate valve and supply control valve, so that there is a steady of water flowing into the sump tank, where the new reading in the surge shaft is the velocity head (hv). Then the gate valve is close and wait for the oscillations to stop, once it is stopped the lever is opened to operated gate valve and the water level should drop back to the same value for the velocity head. The value of hs and hv are used to calculate the head loss due to friction which is hs hv = hf. The flow rate will be needed by closing the dump tank to find the quantity of water in the tank in 60 seconds. More reading should be taken for better accuracy. The flow rate should not be changed for the rest of the experiment. The maximum and minimum surge heights are measure by the oscillations and the time between the gate valves is quickly closed. The same procedure is repeated but the time taken between the surges passing the datum point is measured. Water Hammer: Follow the Appendix 8 -1 to set the equipment up. Where the water hammer flow control valve should be fully open and the surge shaft valve is fully closed, then the measurement of the volumetric flow rate will be taken and thus calculate the flow velocity. The volumetric flow rate can be measure using the same procedure as Pipe Surge. Then the fast acting valve is release to stop the flow of water instantaneously causing a pressure pulse to travel up and down the pipe. This is instantaneous closures which mean closure less than 2L/c, i.e. the valve is closed before a reflected wave reaches the valve again, as this will give us the same pressure rise as an instantaneous closure. These pulses are captured on the oscilloscope where we record the average amplitude, time base and the duration of the pulse. The time lags between the two pressure transducers are also recorded. For the second half of this experiment, the oscilloscope setting is changed so that the time base setting is increased to 25ms/div. Once it is set up, the same procedure will be repeated as before. The fast acting valve is release and records the average amplitude value and duration of the pulse for the traces that are on the oscilloscope. Discussion When comparing the values gained experimentally to the values predicted from the equations, tabulated in table 6 -1, it can be observed that the predicted flow rates and the period of oscillation are both quite similar with their experimental values. The reason for the slight difference in flow rates is partly due to the fact that the equation that we needed to use to find the flow rate had two unknown values in it, Q and hf. The equation that we used was: The experimental value of frictional head loss is used so that the predicted flow rate can be calculated. The experimental value of Q is used for calculating the theoretical value for frictional head loss by substituting this value in to the equation However this value would have accumulated more errors and therefore the value would be further away from the experimental value. From Figure 6 1 the time period is about 8 seconds can be observed, whereas the predicted value is 7.5705 seconds. The discrepancy between the two numbers is most likely to be as a result of human error, when timing the points of max and min surge and also when the surge crosses the datum a time factor needs to be taken into consideration for the time taken between the person saying when to stop the timer and the other person actually pressing the button. This time delay could easily explain the half second difference between the two values. When comparing the difference between the experimental and predicted values for maximum surge height, the first predicted value is hugely different to the actual value achieved. The reason for this is because the equation gives the max surge from the static head assuming that there are no losses due to friction, therefore the equation will need to be adjust to take into consideration of the effects of friction. This acts as a correction factor. The reason why it need to be use, because the initial head loss which is due to friction, this is the difference between the static head and the velocity head which is much lower than the static head therefore the initial max amplitude should be taken away. Throughout the effects of friction is important as dealing with a small bore system whereas in reality surge shafts have diameters in meters. The effects of friction can be assumed negligible, as long as the initial head at the valve is assume the same as at the reservoir. However in the flow frictional losses are relatively large, this can be seen in the fact that there is a large difference between the static head and velocity head. This is partly due to the small diameter of the pipe, as the friction occurs at the walls and if the diameter of the pipe is small then the area in which the fluid is unaffected by the friction is going to be smaller. In order to take the effects of friction in to account, the equation of the max amplitude must start from the velocity head therefore the head loss due to friction can also be taken into consideration. Water Hammer From observing Figure 5 -1 the single pressure wave, it varies slightly to the symmetrical smooth square shown as in the Fluid Mechanics Lab Manual. The pulse shown on the oscilloscope showed an unsymmetrical, rough rectangle. This irregularity of the line is as a result of not all the kinetic energy being transferred into potential energy, which is the pressure pulse, and the remaining energy being lost in the form of heat, sound and strain. The strain loss is where the compression of the water tries to expand the pipe, i.e. constant volume therefore change the cross sectional area. The reason of that assumption is the irregular graph as when deriving the equations as assumed that the kinetic energy lost is equal to the energy gained in the form of the pressure pulse, this does not take into consideration the effects of energy losses like heat noise and deformation. In another part of the experiment, the pressure transducer set up halfway along the pipe. i.e. 1.5meters away from the valve; this meant there is a time lag between the first wave and the second wave giving the opportunity to measure the speed of sound in water. Firstly the time lag need to be calculated, using 0.75 per division. In the first set up the time axis for the oscilloscope to 2.5milliseconds per division, therefore the time lag is 1.5 milliseconds. The time lag should roughly be a quarter of the time period, so it is as expected the time lag is 1.5625 milliseconds, which is very close to what experimentally gained therefore suggesting that the value has a slight error but not as significant error that the value cant be used to work out Ce. As a result the value of the time lag in the equation can be used An experimental value was given for the speed of sound in the water/pipe system which is 960m/s. This value is used to calculate the time it takes a single pressure pulse to travel a complete circuit of the pipe, in this case 6 meters, and the value is 4.523 milliseconds compared to 6.25 milliseconds from the sketch. The difference between these two values could be due to not reading the number of divisions accurately enough and also where the measure of the period from, both of which could have made the result closer to the result calculated. However the discrepancy might also be due to pulse travelling further than it is assumed. For the calculations, assumption is made that it is just travelling the length of the pipe, however the pulse might travel some distance into the header tank instead of being reflected back at the edge. This would then account for why the measured time period is longer, as it could be travelling further than the 6 meters as assumed. When looking at the table 6 -2 for the water hammer experiment, the predicted and experimental values for the speed of sound in water can be compared, peak pressure and also the duration of the first pulse. There is not much difference the experimental and predicted values of speed of sound in the water/pipe system, this indicates that the experiment went well and that the calculations and therefore the equations used are correct. However there is a significant difference between the peak pressure and also the duration of the pulse, it is quite likely that measured the duration of the pulse inaccurately as determined a rough value for how many divisions the period was, likewise with the amplitude of the pulse. Furthermore when calculating the experimental velocity of sound in water the time lag was used as the time in the equation and the time lag again was measured by reading how many divisions it took up and as a consequence was open to human error in reading it. From Figure 5 1 can be observe several reflected pressure waves. When the pulse is reflected as a low pressure wave, the pulse is going lower than the original start point. The pressure wave is actually reaching the vapour pressure of water and as a consequence the water is boiling and evaporating creating bubbles, this causes a vacuum to be created thus slowing down the pulse. The energy created from the boiling water soon dissipates and when there are not enough bubbles to slow down the pulse then a second pulse starts and the whole process repeats itself. The fact that the pulse is slowed down in the pressure trough by the vacuum and bubbles means that the pulses are not symmetrical. Studying the Figure 5 1 more closely, on the second pulse wave there is a small spike half way between the first pulse and the second pulse can be observe, this could be due to a number of reasons but the most likely is that it is the pulse that has been reflected back from the back of the Header tank. Ideally the experiment would be set up such that the header tank has a big enough change in volume and pressure compared to the pipe that it would act as a discontinuity and reflect the pulse back straight away. However in this case some of the pulse could be being reflected from the back wall of the header tank. This would also explain why there is a difference between some of our experimental and predicted results for the speed of sound in water, as we could be assuming that the distance travelled by the pulse is slightly shorter than it travelled in reality, thus having different values when calculating C. The reason why the amplitudes of the pulse wave are not symmetrical is partl y due to the vaporisation of the water and also as a consequence of friction, as the flow is slowed the frictional head loss also reduces and so the head at the valve increases to the equilibrium position of the static head, that is why the amplitudes converges towards the static equilibrium can be observe. Conclusions In conclusion, the results between theoretical and experimental were similar and close to each other. However, the slight discrepancies might due to human error, e.g. not recording the time as accurately and also the effects of friction will need to be taken in consideration. Therefore if the experiment is repeated to get better accuracy for the result can be more reliable to use. References Fluid Mechanics Laboratory Manual Level 1 and 2 notes on unsteady flow Douglas JF, Gasiorek JM and Swaffield JA, Fluid Mechanics, 4th ed, Prentice Hall, 2001. (ISBN 0582414768) Massey, B, Mechanics of Fluids, 8th ed, Taylor Francis, 2006 (ISBN 0-415-36206) http://www.valmatic.com/pdfs/SurgeControlPumpingSystems.pdf http://ksbpak.com/pdfs/waterhammer.pdf